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<!--
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Copyright (c) 2016 OpenPOWER Foundation
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Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3;
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with no Invariants Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
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and with no Back-Cover Texts (the "License");
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you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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You may obtain a copy of the License at
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http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.txt
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-->
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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xl="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:lang="en">
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<title>Program Loading and Dynamic Linking</title>
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<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242___RefHeading___Toc377640650">
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<title>Program Loading</title>
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<para>A number of criteria constrain the mapping of an executable file or
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shared object file to virtual memory segments. During mapping, the
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operating system may use delayed physical reads to improve performance,
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which necessitates that file offsets and virtual addresses are congruent,
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modulo the page size.</para>
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<para>Page size must be less than or equal to the operating system
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implemented congruency. This ABI defines 64 KB congruency as the minimum
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allowable. To maintain interoperability between operating system
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implementations, 64 KB congruency is recommended.</para>
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<note>
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<para>There is historical precedence for 64 KB congruency in that
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there is synergy with the Power Architecture instruction set whereby
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low and high adjusted relocations can be easily performed using addi or
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addis instructions.</para>
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</note>
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<para>The value of the p_align member of the program header struct must be
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0x10000 or a larger power of 2. If a larger congruency size is used for
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large pages, p_align should match the congruency value.</para>
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<para>The following program header information illustrates an application
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that is mapped with a base address of 0x10000000:</para>
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<table frame="all" pgwide="1" xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_44623">
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<title>Program Header Example</title>
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<tgroup cols="3">
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<colspec colname="c1" colwidth="33*" align="center" />
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<colspec colname="c2" colwidth="33*" align="center" />
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<colspec colname="c3" colwidth="33*" align="center" />
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>
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<emphasis role="bold">Header Member</emphasis>
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</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>
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<emphasis role="bold">Text Segment</emphasis>
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</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>
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<emphasis role="bold">Data Segment</emphasis>
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</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>p_type</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>PT_LOAD</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>PT_LOAD</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>p_offset</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x000000</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x000af0</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>p_vaddr</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10000000</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10010af0</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>p_paddr</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10000000</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10010af0</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>p_filesz</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x00af0</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x00124</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>p_memsz</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x00af0</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x00128</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>p_flags</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>R-E</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>RW-</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>p_align</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10000</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10000</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</table>
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<note>
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<para>For the PT_LOAD entry describing the data segment, the
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p_memsz may be greater than the p_filesz. The difference is the size of
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the .bss section. On implementations that use virtual memory file
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mapping, only the portion of the file between the .data p_offset
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(rounded down to the nearest page) to p_offset + p_filesz (rounded up
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to the next page size) is included. If the distance between p_offset +
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p_filesz and p_offset + p_memsz crosses a page boundary, then
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additional memory must be allocated out of anonymous memory to include
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data through p_vaddr + p_memsz.</para>
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</note>
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<para>
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<xref linkend="dbdoclet.50655242_45730" /> demonstrates a typical mapping of
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file to memory segments.</para>
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<table frame="all" pgwide="1" xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_45730">
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<title>Memory Segment Mappings</title>
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<tgroup cols="3">
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<colspec colname="c1" colwidth="33*" align="center" />
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<colspec colname="c2" colwidth="33*" align="center" />
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<colspec colname="c3" colwidth="33*" align="center" />
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>
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<emphasis role="bold">File</emphasis>
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</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>
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<emphasis role="bold">Section</emphasis>
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</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>
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<emphasis role="bold">Virtual Address</emphasis>
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</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>0x0</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>header</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10000000</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>0x100</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>.text</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10000100</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>0xaf0</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>.data</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10010af0</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>Not applicable. Zero-initialized data is not stored in the
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file.</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>.bss</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10010c14</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<para>Not stored in the file.</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>End of sections</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>0x10010c18</para>
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</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</table>
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<para>Operating systems typically enforce memory permission on a per-page
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granularity. This ABI maintains that the memory permissions are consistent
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across each memory segment when a file image is mapped to a process memory
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segment. The text segment and data segment require differing memory
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permissions. To maintain congruency of file offset to virtual address
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modulo the page size, the system maps the file region holding the
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overlapped text and data twice at different virtual addresses for each
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segment (see
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<xref linkend="dbdoclet.50655242_42741" />).</para>
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<para>To increase the security attributes of this ABI, the text and certain
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sections of the data segment (such as the .rodata section) may be protected
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as read only after the pages are mapped and relocations are resolved. See
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<xref linkend="dbdoclet.50655242_93623" /> for more information.</para>
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<figure pgwide="1" xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_42741">
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<title>File Image to Process Memory Image Mapping</title>
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<mediaobject>
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<imageobject>
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<imagedata fileref="figures/fig4-1.png" format="PNG"
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scalefit="1" width="100%" />
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</imageobject>
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</mediaobject>
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</figure>
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<para>As a result of this mapping, there can be up to four pages of impure
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text or data in the virtual memory segments for the application as
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described in the following list:</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>ELF header information, program headers, and other information will
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precede the .text section and reside at the beginning of the text segment.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The last memory page of the text segment can contain a copy of
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the partial, first file-image data page as an artifact of page faulting
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the last file-image text page from the file image to the text segment
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while maintaining the required offsets as shown in
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<xref linkend="dbdoclet.50655242_42741" />.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Likewise, the first memory page of the data segment may
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contain a copy of the partial, last file-image text page as an artifact
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of page faulting the first file-image data page from the file image to
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the data segment while maintaining the required offsets.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The last faulted data-segment memory page may contain residual
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data from the last file-image data page that is not part of the actual
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file image. The system is required to zero this residual memory after
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that page is mapped to the data segment. If the application requires
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static data, the remainder of this page is used for that purpose. If
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the static data requirements exceed the remnant left in the last
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faulted memory page, additional pages shall be mapped from anonymous
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memory and zeroed.</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<note>
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<para>The handling of the contents of the first three
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pages is undefined by this ABI. They are unused by the
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executable program once started.</para>
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</note>
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<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_10560">
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<title>Addressing Models</title>
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<para>When mapping an executable file or shared object file to memory,
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the system can use the following addressing models. Each application is
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allocated its own virtual address space.</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Traditionally, executable files are mapped to virtual memory
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using an absolute addressing model, where the mapping of the sections to
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segments uses the section p_vaddr specified by the ELF header directly
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as an absolute address.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The position-independent code (PIC) addressing model allows the
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file image text of an executable file or shared object file to be
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loaded into the virtual address space of a process at an arbitrary
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starting address chosen by the kernel loader or program interpreter
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(dynamic linker).</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<note>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Shared objects need to use the PIC addressing model
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so that all references to global variables go through the
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Global Offset Table.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Position-independent executables should use the PIC
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addressing model.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</note>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_82123">
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<title>Process Initialization</title>
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<para>To provide a standard environment for application programs, the
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exec system call creates an initial program machine state. That state
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includes the use of registers, the layout of the stack frame, and
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argument passing. For example, a C program might typically issue the
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following declaration to begin executing at the local entry point of a
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function named main:</para>
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<programlisting revisionflag="changed">extern int main (int argc, char *argv[ ], char *envp[ ], void *auxv[ ]);
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int main(int argc, char *argv[ ], char *envp[ ], ElfW(auxv_t) *auxvec)</programlisting>
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<para>where:</para>
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<itemizedlist mark="none">
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<listitem>
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<para>argc is a nonnegative argument count.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para> argv is an array of argument strings.
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It is terminated by a NULL pointer, argv[argc] == 0.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>envp is an array of environment strings. It is also
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terminated by a NULL pointer.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>auxv is an array of structures that contain the auxiliary
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vector. It is terminated by a structure entry with an a_type of
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AT_NULL. For more information, see
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|
<xref linkend="dbdoclet.50655242_98651" />.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>This section explains how to implement the call to main or to the
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entry point.</para>
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<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242___RefHeading___Toc377640653">
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<title xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_PROC-REG">Registers</title>
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<para>The contents of most registers are
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<emphasis>not</emphasis> specified when a process is first entered from an
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exec system call. A program should not expect the operating system to set
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all registers to 0. If a register other than those listed in
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|
<xref linkend="dbdoclet.50655242_74550" /> must have a specific value, the
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|
program must set it to that value during process initialization.</para>
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<para>The contents of the following registers
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<emphasis>are</emphasis> specified:</para>
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<para> </para>
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<table frame="all" pgwide="1" xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_74550">
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|
<title>Registers Specified during Process Initialization</title>
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|
<tgroup cols="2">
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|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colwidth="15*" align="center"/>
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|
<colspec colname="c2" colwidth="85*" />
|
|
|
<thead>
|
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|
<row>
|
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|
<entry>
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<para>
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|
<emphasis role="bold">Register</emphasis>
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</para>
|
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|
</entry>
|
|
|
<entry align="center">
|
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<para>
|
|
|
<emphasis role="bold">Description</emphasis>
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
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<row>
|
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<entry>
|
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|
<para>r1</para>
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</entry>
|
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<entry>
|
|
|
<para>The initial stack pointer, aligned to a quadword
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|
boundary.</para>
|
|
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</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>r2</para>
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</entry>
|
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<entry>
|
|
|
<para>Undefined.</para>
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</entry>
|
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</row>
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<row>
|
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<entry>
|
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|
<para>r3</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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|
|
<para>Contains argc, the nonnegative argument count.</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>r4</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>Contains argv, a pointer to the array of argument
|
|
|
pointers in the stack. The array is immediately followed by a
|
|
|
NULL pointer. If there are no arguments, r4 points to a NULL
|
|
|
pointer.</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>r5</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>Contains envp, a pointer to the array of environment
|
|
|
pointers in the stack. The array is immediately followed by a
|
|
|
NULL pointer. If no environment exists, r5 points to a NULL
|
|
|
pointer.</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>r6</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>Contains a pointer to the auxiliary vector. The auxiliary
|
|
|
vector shall have at least one member, a terminating entry with
|
|
|
an a_type of AT_NULL (see
|
|
|
<xref linkend="dbdoclet.50655242_98651" />).</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>r7</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>Contains a termination function pointer. If r7 contains a
|
|
|
nonzero value, the value represents a function pointer that the
|
|
|
application should register with atexit. If r7 contains zero,
|
|
|
no action is required.</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>r12</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>Contains the address of the global entry point of the
|
|
|
first function being invoked, which represents the start
|
|
|
address of the executable specified in the exec call.</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>FPSCR</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>Contains 0, specifying “round to nearest” mode for both
|
|
|
binary and decimal rounding modes, IEEE Mode, and the disabling
|
|
|
of floating-point exceptions.</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>VSCR</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
<entry>
|
|
|
<para>Vector Status and Control Register. Contains 0,
|
|
|
specifying vector Java/IEEE mode and that no saturation has
|
|
|
occurred.</para>
|
|
|
</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
<para>The run-time that gets control from _start is responsible for:</para>
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>Creating the first stack frame</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>Initializing the first stack frame's back chain pointer to
|
|
|
NULL</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>Allocating and initializing TLS storage</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>Initializing the thread control block (TCB) and dynamic thread
|
|
|
vector (DTV)</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>Initializing any __thread variables</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>Setting R13 for the initial process thread.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
<para>This initialization must be completed before any library
|
|
|
initialization codes are run and before control is transferred to the
|
|
|
main program (main( )).</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_83727">
|
|
|
<title>Process Stack</title>
|
|
|
<para>Although every process has a stack, no fixed stack address is
|
|
|
defined by the system. In addition, a program's stack address can change
|
|
|
from one system to another. It can even change from one process
|
|
|
invocation to another. Thus, the process initialization code must use the
|
|
|
stack address in general-purpose register r1. Data in the stack segment
|
|
|
at addresses below the stack pointer contain undefined values.</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_98651">
|
|
|
<title>Auxiliary Vector</title>
|
|
|
<para>The argument and environment vectors transmit information from one
|
|
|
application program to another. However, the auxiliary vector conveys
|
|
|
information from the operating system to the program. This vector is an
|
|
|
array of structures, defined as follows:</para>
|
|
|
<programlisting>typedef struct
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
long a_type;
|
|
|
union
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
long a_val;
|
|
|
void *a_ptr;
|
|
|
void (*a_fcn)( );
|
|
|
} a_un;
|
|
|
} auxv_t;
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name Value a_un field Comment
|
|
|
AT_NULL 0 ignored /* End of vector */
|
|
|
AT_PHDR 3 a_ptr /* Program headers for program */
|
|
|
AT_PHENT 4 a_val /* Size of program header entry */
|
|
|
AT_PHNUM 5 a_val /* Number of program headers */
|
|
|
AT_PAGESZ 6 a_val /* System page size */
|
|
|
AT_BASE 7 a_ptr /* Base address of interpreter */
|
|
|
AT_FLAGS 8 a_val /* Flags */
|
|
|
AT_ENTRY 9 a_ptr /* Entry point of program */
|
|
|
AT_UID 11 /* Real user ID (uid) */
|
|
|
AT_EUID 12 /* Effective user ID (euid) */
|
|
|
AT_GID 13 /* Real group ID (gid) */
|
|
|
AT_EGID 14 /* Effective group ID (egid) */
|
|
|
AT_PLATFORM 15 a_ptr /* String identifying platform. */
|
|
|
AT_HWCAP 16 a_val /* Machine-dependent hints about
|
|
|
processor capabilities. */
|
|
|
AT_CLKTCK 17 /* Frequency of times( ), always 100 */
|
|
|
AT_DCACHEBSIZE 19 a_val /* Data cache block size */
|
|
|
AT_ICACHEBSIZE 20 a_val /* Instruction cache block size */
|
|
|
AT_UCACHEBSIZE 21 a_val /* Unified cache block size */
|
|
|
AT_IGNOREPPC 22 /* Ignore this entry! */
|
|
|
AT_SECURE 23 /* Boolean, was exec authorized to use
|
|
|
setuid or setgid */
|
|
|
AT_BASE_PLATFORM 24 a_ptr /* String identifying real platforms */
|
|
|
AT_RANDOM 25 /* Address of 16 random bytes */
|
|
|
AT_HWCAP2 26 a_val /* More machine-dependent hints about
|
|
|
processor capabilities. */
|
|
|
AT_EXECFN 31 /* File name of executable */
|
|
|
AT_SYSINFO_EHDR 33 /* In many architectures, the kernel
|
|
|
provides a virtual dynamic shared
|
|
|
object (VDSO) that contains a function
|
|
|
callable from the user state.
|
|
|
AT_SYSINFO_EHDR is the address of the
|
|
|
VDSO header that is used by the
|
|
|
dynamic linker to resolve function
|
|
|
symbols with the VDSO. */</programlisting>
|
|
|
<para>AT_NULL</para>
|
|
|
<para>The auxiliary vector has no fixed length; instead an entry of this
|
|
|
type denotes the end of the vector. The corresponding value of a_un is
|
|
|
undefined.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_PHDR</para>
|
|
|
<para>Under some conditions, the system creates the memory image of the
|
|
|
application program before passing control to an interpreter program.
|
|
|
When this happens, the a_ptr member of the AT_PHDR entry tells the
|
|
|
interpreter where to find the program header table in the memory image.
|
|
|
If the AT_PHDR entry is present, entries of types AT_PHENT, AT_PHNUM, and
|
|
|
AT_ENTRY must also be present. See the Program Header section in Chapter
|
|
|
5 of the
|
|
|
<citetitle>System V ABI</citetitle> for more information about the program
|
|
|
header table.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_PHENT</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_val member of this entry holds the size, in bytes, of one
|
|
|
entry in the program header table to which the AT_PHDR entry
|
|
|
points.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_PHNUM</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_val member of this entry holds the number of entries in the
|
|
|
program header table to which the AT_PHDR entry points.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_PAGESZ</para>
|
|
|
<para>If present, this entry's a_val member gives the system page size in
|
|
|
bytes. The same information is also available through the sysconf system
|
|
|
call.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_BASE</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_ptr member of this entry holds the base address at which the
|
|
|
interpreter program was loaded into memory. See the Program Header
|
|
|
section in Chapter 5 of the
|
|
|
<citetitle>System V ABI</citetitle> for more information about the base
|
|
|
address.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_FLAGS</para>
|
|
|
<para>If present, the a_val member of this entry holds 1-bit flags. Bits
|
|
|
with undefined semantics are set to zero. Other auxiliary vector types
|
|
|
are reserved. No flags are currently defined for AT_FLAGS on the 64-bit
|
|
|
OpenPOWER ABI Architecture.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_ENTRY</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_ptr member of this entry holds the entry point of the
|
|
|
application program to which the interpreter program should transfer
|
|
|
control.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_DCACHEBSIZE</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_val member of this entry gives the data cache block size for
|
|
|
processors on the system on which this program is running. If the
|
|
|
processors have unified caches, AT_DCACHEBSIZE is the same as
|
|
|
AT_UCACHEBSIZE.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_ICACHEBSIZE</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_val member of this entry gives the instruction cache block
|
|
|
size for processors on the system on which this program is running. If
|
|
|
the processors have unified caches, AT_ICACHEBSIZE is the same as
|
|
|
AT_UCACHEBSIZE.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_UCACHEBSIZE</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_val member of this entry is zero if the processors on the
|
|
|
system on which this program is running do not have a unified instruction
|
|
|
and data cache. Otherwise, it gives the cache block size.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_PLATFORM</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_ptr member is the address of the platform name string. For
|
|
|
virtualized systems, this may be different (that is, an older platform)
|
|
|
than the physical machine running this environment.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_BASE_PLATFORM</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_ptr member is the address of the platform name string for the
|
|
|
physical machine. For virtualized systems, this will be the platform name
|
|
|
of the real hardware.</para>
|
|
|
<para>AT_HWCAP</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_val member of this entry is a bit map of hardware
|
|
|
capabilities. Some bit mask values include:</para>
|
|
|
<programlisting>PPC_FEATURE_32 0x80000000 /* Always set for powerpc64 */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_64 0x40000000 /* Always set for powerpc64 */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_HAS_ALTIVEC 0x10000000
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_HAS_FPU 0x08000000
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_HAS_MMU 0x04000000
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_UNIFIED_CACHE 0x01000000
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_NO_TB 0x00100000 /* 601/403gx have no timebase */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_POWER4 0x00080000 /* POWER4 ISA 2.00 */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_POWER5 0x00040000 /* POWER5 ISA 2.02 */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_POWER5_PLUS 0x00020000 /* POWER5+ ISA 2.03 */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_CELL_BE 0x00010000 /* CELL Broadband Engine */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_BOOKE 0x00008000 /* ISA Category Embedded */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_SMT 0x00004000 /* Simultaneous Multi-Threading */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_ICACHE_SNOOP 0x00002000
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_ARCH_2_05 0x00001000 /* ISA 2.05 */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_PA6T 0x00000800 /* PA Semi 6T Core */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_HAS_DFP 0x00000400 /* Decimal FP Unit */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_POWER6_EXT 0x00000200 /* P6 + mffgpr/mftgpr */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_ARCH_2_06 0x00000100 /* ISA 2.06 */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_HAS_VSX 0x00000080 /* P7 Vector Extension. */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_PSERIES_PERFMON_COMPAT 0x00000040
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_TRUE_LE 0x00000002
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE_PPC_LE 0x00000001</programlisting>
|
|
|
<para>AT_HWCAP2</para>
|
|
|
<para>The a_val member of this entry is a bit map of hardware
|
|
|
capabilities. Some bit mask values include:</para>
|
|
|
<programlisting>PPC_FEATURE2_ARCH_2_07 0x80000000 /* ISA 2.07 */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE2_HAS_HTM 0x40000000 /* Hardware Transactional Memory */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE2_HAS_DSCR 0x20000000 /* Data Stream Control Register */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE2_HAS_EBB 0x10000000 /* Event Base Branching */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE2_HAS_ISEL 0x08000000 /* Integer Select */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE2_HAS_TAR 0x04000000 /* Target Address Register */
|
|
|
PPC_FEATURE2_HAS_VCRYPTO 0x02000000 /* The processor implements the
|
|
|
Vector.AES category */</programlisting>
|
|
|
<para>When a process starts to execute, its stack holds the arguments,
|
|
|
environment, and auxiliary vector received from the exec call. The system
|
|
|
makes no guarantees about the relative arrangement of argument strings,
|
|
|
environment strings, and the auxiliary information, which appear in no
|
|
|
defined or predictable order. Further, the system may allocate memory
|
|
|
after the null auxiliary vector entry and before the beginning of the
|
|
|
information block.</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Dynamic Linking</title>
|
|
|
<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242___RefHeading___Toc377640656">
|
|
|
<title>Program Interpreter</title>
|
|
|
<para>For dynamic linking, the standard program interpreter is
|
|
|
/lib/ld64.so.2. It may be located in different places on different
|
|
|
distributions.</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Dynamic Section</title>
|
|
|
<para><anchor xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_page119" xreflabel="" />The dynamic
|
|
|
section provides information used by the dynamic linker to manage
|
|
|
dynamically loaded shared objects, including relocation, initialization,
|
|
|
and termination when loaded or unloaded, resolving dependencies on other
|
|
|
shared objects, resolving references to symbols in the shared object, and
|
|
|
supporting debugging. The following dynamic tags are relevant to this
|
|
|
processor-specific ABI:</para>
|
|
|
<para>DT_PLTGOT</para>
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
|
The dynamic section provides information used by the dynamic linker
|
|
|
to manage dynamically loaded shared objects, including relocation,
|
|
|
initialization, and termination when loaded or unloaded, resolving
|
|
|
dependencies on other shared objects, resolving references to
|
|
|
symbols in the shared object, and supporting debugging. The following
|
|
|
dynamic tags are relevant to this processor-specific ABI:</para>
|
|
|
<para>DT_JMPREL</para>
|
|
|
<para>The d_ptr member of this dynamic tag points to the first byte of
|
|
|
the table of relocation entries, which have a one-to-one correspondence
|
|
|
with PLT entries. Any executable or shared object with a PLT must have
|
|
|
DT_JMPREL. A shared object containing only data will not have a PLT and
|
|
|
thus will not have DT_JMPREL.</para>
|
|
|
<para>DT_PPC64_GLINK (DT_LOPROC + 0)</para>
|
|
|
<para>The d_ptr member of this dynamic tag points to 32 bytes before the
|
|
|
.glink lazy link symbol resolver stubs that are described in
|
|
|
<xref linkend="dbdoclet.50655242_82622" />.</para>
|
|
|
<para>DT_PPC64_OPT (DT_LOPROC + 3)</para>
|
|
|
<para>The d_val member of this dynamic tag specifies whether various
|
|
|
optimizations are possible. The low bit will be set to indicate that an
|
|
|
optimized __tls_get_addr call stub is used. The next most-significant bit
|
|
|
will be set if multiple TOCs are present.</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_47739">
|
|
|
<title>Global Offset Table</title>
|
|
|
<para>To support position-independent code, a Global Offset Table (GOT)
|
|
|
shall be constructed by the link editor in the data segment when linking
|
|
|
code that contains any of the various R_PPC64_GOT* relocations or when
|
|
|
linking code that references the .TOC. address. The GOT consists of an
|
|
|
8-byte header that contains the TOC base (the first TOC base when
|
|
|
multiple TOCs are present), followed by an array of 8-byte addresses. The
|
|
|
link editor shall emit dynamic relocations as appropriate for each entry
|
|
|
in the GOT. At runtime, the dynamic linker will apply these relocations
|
|
|
after the addresses of all memory segments are known (and thus the
|
|
|
addresses of all symbols). While the GOT may be appear to be an array of
|
|
|
absolute addresses, this ABI does not preclude the GOT containing
|
|
|
nonaddress entries and specifies the presence of nonaddress tls_index
|
|
|
entries.</para>
|
|
|
<para>Absolute addresses are generated for all GOT relocations by the
|
|
|
dynamic linker before giving control to general application code.
|
|
|
(However, IFUNC resolution functions may be invoked before relocation is
|
|
|
completed, limiting the use of global variables by such functions.) The
|
|
|
dynamic linker is free to choose different memory segment addresses for
|
|
|
the executable or shared objects in a different process image. After the
|
|
|
initial mapping of the process image by the dynamic linker, memory
|
|
|
segments reside at fixed addresses for the life of a process.</para>
|
|
|
<para>The symbol .TOC. may be used to access the GOT or in TOC-relative
|
|
|
addressing to other data constructs, such as the procedure linkage table.
|
|
|
The symbol may be offset by 0x8000 bytes, or another offset, from the
|
|
|
start of the .got section. This offset allows the use of the full (64 KB)
|
|
|
signed range of 16-bit displacement fields by using both positive and
|
|
|
negative subscripts into the array of addresses, or a larger offset to
|
|
|
afford addressing using references within ±2 GB with 32-bit
|
|
|
displacements. The 32-bit displacements are constructed by using the
|
|
|
addis instruction to provide a first high-order 16-bit portion of a
|
|
|
32-bit displacement in conjunction with an instruction to supply a
|
|
|
low-order 16-bit portion of a 32-bit displacement.</para>
|
|
|
<para>In PIC code, the TOC pointer r2 points to the TOC base, enabling
|
|
|
easy reference. For static nonrelocatable modules, the GOT address is
|
|
|
fixed and can be directly used by code.</para>
|
|
|
<para>All functions except leaf routines must load the value of the TOC
|
|
|
base into the TOC register r2.</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Function Addresses</title>
|
|
|
<para>The following requirements concern function addresses.</para>
|
|
|
<para>When referencing a function address, consider the following
|
|
|
requirements:</para>
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>Intraobject executable or shared object function address
|
|
|
references may be resolved by the dynamic linker to the absolute
|
|
|
virtual address of the symbol.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>Function address references from within the executable file
|
|
|
to a function defined in a shared object file are resolved by the
|
|
|
link editor to the .text section address of the PLT call stub for
|
|
|
that functionwithin the executable file.
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>In a static module, when a function pointer reference is made
|
|
|
to a function provided by a dynamically loaded shared module, the
|
|
|
function may be resolved to the address of a PLT stub. If this
|
|
|
resolution is made, all function pointer references must be made
|
|
|
through the same PLT stub in the static module to ensure correct
|
|
|
intraobject comparisons for function addresses.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>A function address of a nested function
|
|
|
<emphasis>may</emphasis> also be resolved to the address of a
|
|
|
trampoline used to call it.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
<para>When comparing function addresses, consider the following
|
|
|
requirements:</para>
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>The address of a function shall compare to the same value in
|
|
|
executables and shared objects.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>For intraobject comparisons of function addresses within the
|
|
|
executable or shared object, the link editor may directly compare the
|
|
|
absolute virtual addresses.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>For a function address comparison where an executable
|
|
|
references a function defined in a a shared object, the link
|
|
|
editor will place the address of a .text section PLT call stub
|
|
|
for that function in the corresponding dynamic symbol table
|
|
|
entry's st_value field (see <xref linkend="dbdoclet.50655241_95185" />).</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>When the dynamic linker loads shared objects associated with an
|
|
|
executable and resolves any GOT entry relocations into absolute
|
|
|
addresses, it will search the dynamic symbol table of the executable
|
|
|
for each symbol that needs to be resolved.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>If it finds the symbol and the st_value of the symbol table
|
|
|
entry is nonzero, it shall use the address indicated in the st_value
|
|
|
entry as the symbol’s address. If the dynamic linker does not find
|
|
|
the symbol in the executable’s dynamic symbol table or the entry’s
|
|
|
st_value member is zero, the dynamic linker may consider the symbol
|
|
|
as undefined in the executable file.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_20388">
|
|
|
<title>Procedure Linkage Table</title>
|
|
|
<para>When the link editor builds an executable file or shared object
|
|
|
file, it does not know the absolute address of undefined function calls.
|
|
|
Therefore, it cannot generate code to directly transfer execution to
|
|
|
another shared object or executable. For each execution transfer to an
|
|
|
undefined function call in the file image, the link editor places a
|
|
|
relocation against an entry in the Procedure Linkage Table (PLT) of the
|
|
|
executable or shared object that corresponds to that function
|
|
|
call.</para>
|
|
|
<para>Additionally, for all nonstatic functions with standard (nonhidden)
|
|
|
visibility in a shared object, the link editor invokes the function
|
|
|
through the PLT, even if the shared object defines the function. The same
|
|
|
is not true for executables.</para>
|
|
|
<para>The link editor knows the number of functions invoked through the
|
|
|
PLT, and it reserves space for an appropriately sized .plt section. The
|
|
|
.plt section is located in the section following the .got. It consists of
|
|
|
an array of addresses and is initialized by the module loader. There will
|
|
|
also be an array of R_PPC_JMP_SLOT relocations in .rela.plt, with a
|
|
|
one-to-one correspondence between elements of each array. Each
|
|
|
R_PPC_JMP_SLOT relocation will have r_offset pointing at the .plt word it
|
|
|
relocates.</para>
|
|
|
<para>A unique PLT is constructed by the static linker for each static
|
|
|
module (that is, the main executable) and each dynamic shared object. The
|
|
|
PLT is located in the data segment of the process image at object load
|
|
|
time by the dynamic linker using the information about the .plt section
|
|
|
stored in the file image. The individual PLT entries are populated by the
|
|
|
dynamic linker using one of the following binding methods. Execution can
|
|
|
then be redirected to a dependent shared object or executable.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Lazy Binding</title>
|
|
|
<para>The lazy binding method is the default. It delays the resolution of
|
|
|
a PLT entry to an absolute address until the function call is made the
|
|
|
first time. The benefit of this method is that the application does not
|
|
|
pay the resolution cost until the first time it needs to call the
|
|
|
function, if at all.</para>
|
|
|
<para>To implement lazy binding, the dynamic loader points each PLT entry
|
|
|
to a lazy resolution stub at load time. After the function call is made
|
|
|
the first time, this lazy resolution stub gets control, resolves the
|
|
|
symbol, and updates the PLT entry to hold the final value to be used for
|
|
|
future calls.</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_93623">
|
|
|
<title>Immediate Binding</title>
|
|
|
<para>The immediate binding method resolves the absolute addresses of all
|
|
|
PLT entries in the executable and dependent shared objects at load time,
|
|
|
before passing execution control to the application. The environment
|
|
|
variable LD_BIND_NOW may be set to a nonnull value to signal the dynamic
|
|
|
linker that immediate binding is requested at load time, before control
|
|
|
is given to the application.</para>
|
|
|
<para>For some performance-sensitive situations, it may be better to pay
|
|
|
the resolution cost to populate the PLT entries up front rather than
|
|
|
during execution.</para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242_82622">
|
|
|
<title>Procedure Linkage Table</title>
|
|
|
<para>For every call site that needs to use the PLT, the link editor
|
|
|
constructs a call stub in the .text section and resolves the call site to
|
|
|
use that call stub. The call stub transfers control to the address
|
|
|
indicated in the PLT entry. These call stubs need not be adjacent to one
|
|
|
another or unique. They can be scattered throughout the text segment so
|
|
|
that they can be reached with a branch and link instruction.</para>
|
|
|
<para>Depending on relocation information at the call site, the stub
|
|
|
provides one of the following properties:</para>
|
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>The caller has set up r2 to hold the TOC pointer and expects
|
|
|
the PLT call stub to save that value to the TOC save stack slot. This
|
|
|
is the default.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>The caller has set up r2 to hold the TOC pointer and has
|
|
|
already saved that value to the TOC save stack slot itself. This is
|
|
|
indicated by the presence of a R_PPC64_TOCSAVE relocation on the nop
|
|
|
following the call.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
|
<programlisting>tocsaveloc:
|
|
|
nop
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
bl target
|
|
|
.reloc ., R_PPC64_TOCSAVE, tocsaveloc
|
|
|
nop</programlisting>
|
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
<para>3. The caller has not set up r2 to hold the TOC pointer. This
|
|
|
is indicated by use of a R_PPC64_REL24_NOTOC relocation (instead of
|
|
|
R_PPC64_REL24) on the call instruction.</para>
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
|
<para>In any scenario, the PLT call stub must transfer control to the
|
|
|
function whose address is provided in the associated PLT entry. This
|
|
|
address is treated as a global entry point for ABI purposes. This means
|
|
|
that the PLT call stub loads the address into r12 before transferring
|
|
|
control.</para>
|
|
|
<para>Although the details of the call stub implementation are left to
|
|
|
the link editor, some examples are provided. In those examples, func@plt
|
|
|
is used to denote the address of the PLT entry for func; func@plt@toc
|
|
|
denotes the offset of that address relative to the TOC pointer; and the
|
|
|
@ha and @l variants denote the high-adjusted and low parts of these
|
|
|
values as usual. Because the link editor synthesizes the PLT call stubs
|
|
|
directly, it can determine all these values as immediate constants. The
|
|
|
assembler is not required to support those notations.</para>
|
|
|
<para>A possible implementation for case 1 looks as follows (if
|
|
|
func@plt@toc is less than 32 KB, the call stub may be simplified to omit
|
|
|
the addis):</para>
|
|
|
<programlisting>std r2,24(r1)
|
|
|
addis r12,r2,func@plt@toc@ha
|
|
|
ld r12,func@plt@toc@l(r12)
|
|
|
mtctr r12
|
|
|
bctr</programlisting>
|
|
|
<para>For case 2, the same implementation as for case 1 may be used,
|
|
|
except that the first instruction “std r2,24(r1)” is omitted:</para>
|
|
|
<programlisting>addis r12,r2,func@plt@toc@ha
|
|
|
ld r12,func@plt@toc@l(r12)
|
|
|
mtctr r12
|
|
|
bctr</programlisting>
|
|
|
<para><anchor xml:id="dbdoclet.50655242___DdeLink__61883_1749258592"
|
|
|
xreflabel="" />A possible implementation for case 3 looks as
|
|
|
follows:</para>
|
|
|
<programlisting> mflr r0
|
|
|
bcl 20,31,1f
|
|
|
1: mflr r2
|
|
|
mtlr r0
|
|
|
addis r2,r2,(.TOC.-1b)@ha
|
|
|
addi r2,r2,(.TOC.-1b)@l
|
|
|
addis r12,r2,func@plt@toc@ha
|
|
|
ld r12,func@plt@toc@l(r12)
|
|
|
mtctr r12
|
|
|
bctr</programlisting>
|
|
|
<para>When generating non-PIC code for the small or medium code model, a
|
|
|
simpler variant may alternatively be used for cases 2 or 3:</para>
|
|
|
<programlisting>lis r12,func@plt@ha
|
|
|
ld r12,func@plt@l(r12)
|
|
|
mtctr r12
|
|
|
bctr</programlisting>
|
|
|
<para>To support lazy binding, the link editor also provides a set of
|
|
|
symbol resolver stubs, one for each PLT entry. Each resolver stub
|
|
|
consists of a single instruction, which is usually a branch to a common
|
|
|
resolver entry point or a nop. The resolver stubs are placed in the
|
|
|
.glink section, which is merged into the .text section of the final
|
|
|
executable or dynamic object. The address of the resolver stubs is
|
|
|
communicated to the dynamic loader through the DT_PPC64_GLINK dynamic
|
|
|
section entry. The address of the symbol resolver stub associated with
|
|
|
PLT entry N is determined by adding 4xN + 32 to the d_ptr field of the
|
|
|
DT_PPC64_GLINK entry. When using lazy binding, the dynamic linker
|
|
|
initializes each PLT entry at load time to that address.</para>
|
|
|
<para>The resolver stubs provided by the link editor must call into the
|
|
|
main resolver routine provided by the dynamic linker. This resolver
|
|
|
routine must be called with r0 set to the index of the PLT entry to be
|
|
|
resolved, r11 set to the identifier of the current dynamic object, and
|
|
|
r12 set to the resolver entry point address (as usual when calling a
|
|
|
global entry point). The resolver entry point address and the dynamic
|
|
|
object identifier are installed at load time by the dynamic linker into
|
|
|
the two doublewords immediately preceding the array of PLT entries,
|
|
|
allowing the resolver stubs to retrieve these values from there. These
|
|
|
two doublewords are considered part of the .plt section; the DT_PLTGOT
|
|
|
dynamic section entry points to the first of those words.</para>
|
|
|
<para>Beyond the above requirements, the implementation of the .glink
|
|
|
resolver stubs is up to the link editor. The following shows an example
|
|
|
implementation:</para>
|
|
|
<programlisting> # ABI note: At entry to the resolver stub:
|
|
|
# - r12 holds the address of the res_N stub for the target routine
|
|
|
# - all argument registers hold arguments for the target routine
|
|
|
PLTresolve:
|
|
|
# Determine addressability. This sequence works for both PIC
|
|
|
# and non-PIC code and does not rely on presence of the TOC pointer.
|
|
|
mflr r0
|
|
|
bcl 20,31,1f
|
|
|
1: mflr r11
|
|
|
mtlr r0
|
|
|
# Compute .plt section index from entry point address in r12
|
|
|
# .plt section index is placed into r0 as argument to the resolver
|
|
|
sub r0,r12,r11
|
|
|
subi r0,r0,res_0-1b
|
|
|
srdi r0,r0,2
|
|
|
# Load address of the first byte of the PLT
|
|
|
ld r12,PLToffset-1b(r11)
|
|
|
add r11,r12,r11
|
|
|
# Load resolver address and DSO identifier from the
|
|
|
# first two doublewords of the PLT
|
|
|
ld r12,0(r11)
|
|
|
ld r11,8(r11)
|
|
|
# Branch to resolver
|
|
|
mtctr r12
|
|
|
bctr
|
|
|
# ABI note: At entry to the resolver:
|
|
|
# - r12 holds the resolver address
|
|
|
# - r11 holds the DSO identifier
|
|
|
# - r0 holds the PLT index of the target routine
|
|
|
# - all argument registers hold arguments for the target routine
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Constant pool holding offset to the PLT
|
|
|
# Note that there is no actual symbol PLT; the link editor
|
|
|
# synthesizes this value when creating the .glink section
|
|
|
PLToffset:
|
|
|
.quad PLT-.
|
|
|
|
|
|
# A table of branches, one for each PLT entry
|
|
|
# The idea is that the PLT call stub loads r12 with these
|
|
|
# addresses, so (r12 - res_0) gives the PLT index × 4.
|
|
|
|
|
|
res_0: b PLTresolve
|
|
|
res_1: b PLTresolve
|
|
|
...</programlisting>
|
|
|
<para>After resolution, the value of a PLT entry in the PLT is the
|
|
|
address of the function’s global entry point, unless the resolver can
|
|
|
determine that a module-local call occurs with a shared TOC value wherein
|
|
|
the TOC is shared between the caller and the callee.</para>
|
|
|
<para> </para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|