fetch1: Implement a simple branch target cache

This implements a cache in fetch1, where each entry stores the address
of a simple branch instruction (b or bc) and the target of the branch.
When fetching sequentially, if the address being fetched matches the
cache entry, then fetching will be redirected to the branch target.
The cache has 1024 entries and is direct-mapped, i.e. indexed by bits
11..2 of the NIA.

The bus from execute1 now carries information about taken and
not-taken simple branches, which fetch1 uses to update the cache.
The cache entry is updated for both taken and not-taken branches, with
the valid bit being set if the branch was taken and cleared if the
branch was not taken.

If fetching is redirected to the branch target then that goes down the
pipe as a predicted-taken branch, and decode1 does not do any static
branch prediction.  If fetching is not redirected, then the next
instruction goes down the pipe as normal and decode1 does its static
branch prediction.

In order to make timing, the lookup of the cache is pipelined, so on
each cycle the cache entry for the current NIA + 8 is read.  This
means that after a redirect (from decode1 or execute1), only the third
and subsequent sequentially-fetched instructions will be able to be
predicted.

This improves the coremark value on the Arty A7-100 from about 180 to
about 190 (more than 5%).

The BTC is optional.  Builds for the Artix 7 35-T part have it off by
default because the extra ~1420 LUTs it takes mean that the design
doesn't fit on the Arty A7-35 board.

Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@ozlabs.org>

common.vhdl

@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ package common is
         big_endian : std_ulogic;
 	stop_mark: std_ulogic;
         sequential: std_ulogic;
+        predicted : std_ulogic;
 	nia: std_ulogic_vector(63 downto 0);
     end record;
 
@@ -165,6 +166,7 @@ package common is
 	nia: std_ulogic_vector(63 downto 0);
 	insn: std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0);
         big_endian: std_ulogic;
+        next_predicted: std_ulogic;
     end record;
 
     type Decode1ToDecode2Type is record
@@ -308,10 +310,14 @@ package common is
         big_endian: std_ulogic;
         mode_32bit: std_ulogic;
 	redirect_nia: std_ulogic_vector(63 downto 0);
+        br_nia : std_ulogic_vector(63 downto 0);
+        br_last : std_ulogic;
+        br_taken : std_ulogic;
     end record;
     constant Execute1ToFetch1Init : Execute1ToFetch1Type := (redirect => '0', virt_mode => '0',
                                                              priv_mode => '0', big_endian => '0',
-                                                             mode_32bit => '0', others => (others => '0'));
+                                                             mode_32bit => '0', br_taken => '0',
+                                                             br_last => '0', others => (others => '0'));
 
     type Execute1ToLoadstore1Type is record
 	valid : std_ulogic;

core.vhdl

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ entity core is
 	DISABLE_FLATTEN : boolean := false;
         EX1_BYPASS : boolean := true;
         HAS_FPU : boolean := true;
+        HAS_BTC : boolean := true;
 	ALT_RESET_ADDRESS : std_ulogic_vector(63 downto 0) := (others => '0');
         LOG_LENGTH : natural := 512
         );
@@ -187,7 +188,8 @@ begin
     fetch1_0: entity work.fetch1
         generic map (
             RESET_ADDRESS => (others => '0'),
-	    ALT_RESET_ADDRESS => ALT_RESET_ADDRESS
+	    ALT_RESET_ADDRESS => ALT_RESET_ADDRESS,
+            HAS_BTC => HAS_BTC
             )
         port map (
             clk => clk,
@@ -195,6 +197,7 @@ begin
 	    alt_reset_in => alt_reset_d,
             stall_in => fetch1_stall_in,
             flush_in => fetch1_flush,
+            inval_btc => ex1_icache_inval or mmu_to_icache.tlbie,
 	    stop_in => dbg_core_stop,
             d_in => decode1_to_fetch1,
             e_in => execute1_to_fetch1,

decode1.vhdl

@@ -727,7 +727,10 @@ begin
             bv.br_nia := (others => '0');
         end if;
         bv.br_offset := br_offset;
-        bv.predict := v.br_pred and f_in.valid and not flush_in and not busy_out;
+        if f_in.next_predicted = '1' then
+            v.br_pred := '1';
+        end if;
+        bv.predict := v.br_pred and f_in.valid and not flush_in and not busy_out and not f_in.next_predicted;
         -- after a clock edge...
         br_target := std_ulogic_vector(signed(br.br_nia) + br.br_offset);
 

execute1.vhdl

@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ architecture behaviour of execute1 is
         last_nia : std_ulogic_vector(63 downto 0);
         redirect : std_ulogic;
         abs_br : std_ulogic;
+        taken_br : std_ulogic;
+        br_last : std_ulogic;
         do_intr : std_ulogic;
         vector : integer range 0 to 16#fff#;
         br_offset : std_ulogic_vector(63 downto 0);
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ architecture behaviour of execute1 is
          fp_exception_next => '0', trace_next => '0', prev_op => OP_ILLEGAL,
          mul_in_progress => '0', mul_finish => '0', div_in_progress => '0', cntz_in_progress => '0',
          next_lr => (others => '0'), last_nia => (others => '0'),
-         redirect => '0', abs_br => '0', do_intr => '0', vector => 0,
+         redirect => '0', abs_br => '0', taken_br => '0', br_last => '0', do_intr => '0', vector => 0,
          br_offset => (others => '0'), redir_mode => "0000",
          others => (others => '0'));
 
@@ -365,6 +367,7 @@ begin
         variable trapval : std_ulogic_vector(4 downto 0);
         variable illegal : std_ulogic;
         variable is_branch : std_ulogic;
+        variable is_direct_branch : std_ulogic;
         variable taken_branch : std_ulogic;
         variable abs_branch : std_ulogic;
         variable spr_val : std_ulogic_vector(63 downto 0);
@@ -377,6 +380,7 @@ begin
 	sum_with_carry := (others => '0');
 	newcrf := (others => '0');
         is_branch := '0';
+        is_direct_branch := '0';
         taken_branch := '0';
         abs_branch := '0';
         hold_wr_data := '0';
@@ -390,6 +394,8 @@ begin
         v.br_offset := (others => '0');
         v.redir_mode := ctrl.msr(MSR_IR) & not ctrl.msr(MSR_PR) &
                         not ctrl.msr(MSR_LE) & not ctrl.msr(MSR_SF);
+        v.taken_br := '0';
+        v.br_last := '0';
 
         lv := Execute1ToLoadstore1Init;
         fv := Execute1ToFPUInit;
@@ -843,6 +849,7 @@ begin
 	    when OP_B =>
                 is_branch := '1';
                 taken_branch := '1';
+                is_direct_branch := '1';
                 abs_branch := insn_aa(e_in.insn);
                 if ctrl.msr(MSR_BE) = '1' then
                     do_trace := '1';
@@ -852,6 +859,7 @@ begin
 		bo := insn_bo(e_in.insn);
 		bi := insn_bi(e_in.insn);
                 is_branch := '1';
+                is_direct_branch := '1';
 		taken_branch := ppc_bc_taken(bo, bi, cr_in, a_in);
                 abs_branch := insn_aa(e_in.insn);
                 if ctrl.msr(MSR_BE) = '1' then
@@ -1093,7 +1101,7 @@ begin
                 if taken_branch = '1' then
                     ctrl_tmp.cfar <= e_in.nia;
                 end if;
-                if e_in.br_pred = '0' then
+                if taken_branch = '1' then
                     v.br_offset := b_in;
                     v.abs_br := abs_branch;
                 else
@@ -1102,6 +1110,8 @@ begin
                 if taken_branch /= e_in.br_pred then
                     v.redirect := '1';
                 end if;
+                v.br_last := is_direct_branch;
+                v.taken_br := taken_branch;
             end if;
 
         elsif valid_in = '1' and exception = '0' and illegal = '0' then
@@ -1300,6 +1310,9 @@ begin
 
         -- Outputs to fetch1
         f.redirect := r.redirect;
+        f.br_nia := r.last_nia;
+        f.br_last := r.br_last and not r.do_intr;
+        f.br_taken := r.taken_br;
         if r.do_intr = '1' then
             f.redirect_nia := std_ulogic_vector(to_unsigned(r.vector, 64));
             f.virt_mode := '0';

fetch1.vhdl

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ use work.common.all;
 entity fetch1 is
     generic(
 	RESET_ADDRESS     : std_logic_vector(63 downto 0) := (others => '0');
-	ALT_RESET_ADDRESS : std_logic_vector(63 downto 0) := (others => '0')
+	ALT_RESET_ADDRESS : std_logic_vector(63 downto 0) := (others => '0');
+        HAS_BTC           : boolean := true
 	);
     port(
 	clk           : in std_ulogic;
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ entity fetch1 is
 	-- Control inputs:
 	stall_in      : in std_ulogic;
 	flush_in      : in std_ulogic;
+        inval_btc     : in std_ulogic;
 	stop_in       : in std_ulogic;
 	alt_reset_in  : in std_ulogic;
 
@@ -37,10 +39,25 @@ end entity fetch1;
 architecture behaviour of fetch1 is
     type reg_internal_t is record
         mode_32bit: std_ulogic;
+        rd_is_niap4: std_ulogic;
+        predicted: std_ulogic;
+        predicted_nia: std_ulogic_vector(63 downto 0);
     end record;
     signal r, r_next : Fetch1ToIcacheType;
     signal r_int, r_next_int : reg_internal_t;
+    signal advance_nia : std_ulogic;
     signal log_nia : std_ulogic_vector(42 downto 0);
+
+    constant BTC_ADDR_BITS : integer := 10;
+    constant BTC_TAG_BITS : integer := 62 - BTC_ADDR_BITS;
+    constant BTC_TARGET_BITS : integer := 62;
+    constant BTC_SIZE : integer := 2 ** BTC_ADDR_BITS;
+    constant BTC_WIDTH : integer := BTC_TAG_BITS + BTC_TARGET_BITS;
+    type btc_mem_type is array (0 to BTC_SIZE - 1) of std_ulogic_vector(BTC_WIDTH - 1 downto 0);
+
+    signal btc_rd_data : std_ulogic_vector(BTC_WIDTH - 1 downto 0) := (others => '0');
+    signal btc_rd_valid : std_ulogic := '0';
+
 begin
 
     regs : process(clk)
@@ -56,15 +73,70 @@ begin
 		    " R:" & std_ulogic'image(e_in.redirect) & std_ulogic'image(d_in.redirect) &
 		    " S:" & std_ulogic'image(stall_in) &
 		    " T:" & std_ulogic'image(stop_in) &
-		    " nia:" & to_hstring(r_next.nia) &
+		    " nia:" & to_hstring(r_next.nia);
-		    " SM:" & std_ulogic'image(r_next.stop_mark);
+	    end if;
+            if rst = '1' or e_in.redirect = '1' or d_in.redirect = '1' or stall_in = '0' then
+                r.virt_mode <= r_next.virt_mode;
+                r.priv_mode <= r_next.priv_mode;
+                r.big_endian <= r_next.big_endian;
+                r_int.mode_32bit <= r_next_int.mode_32bit;
             end if;
-	    r <= r_next;
+            if advance_nia = '1' then
-	    r_int <= r_next_int;
+                r.predicted <= r_next.predicted;
+                r.nia <= r_next.nia;
+                r_int.predicted <= r_next_int.predicted;
+                r_int.predicted_nia <= r_next_int.predicted_nia;
+                r_int.rd_is_niap4 <= r_next.sequential;
+            end if;
+            r.sequential <= r_next.sequential and advance_nia;
+            -- always send the up-to-date stop mark and req
+            r.stop_mark <= stop_in;
+            r.req <= not rst;
 	end if;
     end process;
     log_out <= log_nia;
 
+    btc : if HAS_BTC generate
+        signal btc_memory : btc_mem_type;
+        attribute ram_style : string;
+        attribute ram_style of btc_memory : signal is "block";
+
+        signal btc_valids : std_ulogic_vector(BTC_SIZE - 1 downto 0);
+        attribute ram_style of btc_valids : signal is "distributed";
+
+        signal btc_wr : std_ulogic;
+        signal btc_wr_data : std_ulogic_vector(BTC_WIDTH - 1 downto 0);
+        signal btc_wr_addr : std_ulogic_vector(BTC_ADDR_BITS - 1 downto 0);
+        signal btc_wr_v : std_ulogic;
+    begin
+        btc_wr_data <= e_in.br_nia(63 downto BTC_ADDR_BITS + 2) &
+                       e_in.redirect_nia(63 downto 2);
+        btc_wr_addr <= e_in.br_nia(BTC_ADDR_BITS + 1 downto 2);
+        btc_wr <= e_in.br_last;
+        btc_wr_v <= e_in.br_taken;
+
+        btc_ram : process(clk)
+            variable raddr : unsigned(BTC_ADDR_BITS - 1 downto 0);
+        begin
+            if rising_edge(clk) then
+                raddr := unsigned(r.nia(BTC_ADDR_BITS + 1 downto 2)) +
+                         to_unsigned(2, BTC_ADDR_BITS);
+                if advance_nia = '1' then
+                    btc_rd_data <= btc_memory(to_integer(raddr));
+                    btc_rd_valid <= btc_valids(to_integer(raddr));
+                end if;
+                if btc_wr = '1' then
+                    btc_memory(to_integer(unsigned(btc_wr_addr))) <= btc_wr_data;
+                end if;
+                if inval_btc = '1' or rst = '1' then
+                    btc_valids <= (others => '0');
+                elsif btc_wr = '1' then
+                    btc_valids(to_integer(unsigned(btc_wr_addr))) <= btc_wr_v;
+                end if;
+            end if;
+        end process;
+    end generate;
+
     comb : process(all)
 	variable v : Fetch1ToIcacheType;
 	variable v_int : reg_internal_t;
@@ -72,6 +144,8 @@ begin
 	v := r;
 	v_int := r_int;
         v.sequential := '0';
+        v.predicted := '0';
+        v_int.predicted := '0';
 
 	if rst = '1' then
 	    if alt_reset_in = '1' then
@@ -83,6 +157,7 @@ begin
             v.priv_mode := '1';
             v.big_endian := '0';
             v_int.mode_32bit := '0';
+            v_int.predicted_nia := (others => '0');
 	elsif e_in.redirect = '1' then
 	    v.nia := e_in.redirect_nia(63 downto 2) & "00";
             if e_in.mode_32bit = '1' then
@@ -97,22 +172,26 @@ begin
             if r_int.mode_32bit = '1' then
                 v.nia(63 downto 32) := (others => '0');
             end if;
-	elsif stall_in = '0' then
+        elsif r_int.predicted = '1' then
-
+            v.nia := r_int.predicted_nia;
-            -- If the last NIA value went down with a stop mark, it didn't get
+            v.predicted := '1';
-            -- executed, and hence we shouldn't increment NIA.
-	    if r.stop_mark = '0' then
-                if r_int.mode_32bit = '0' then
-                    v.nia := std_ulogic_vector(unsigned(r.nia) + 4);
         else
-                    v.nia := x"00000000" & std_ulogic_vector(unsigned(r.nia(31 downto 0)) + 4);
-                end if;
             v.sequential := '1';
+            v.nia := std_ulogic_vector(unsigned(r.nia) + 4);
+            if r_int.mode_32bit = '1' then
+                v.nia(63 downto 32) := x"00000000";
             end if;
+            if btc_rd_valid = '1' and r_int.rd_is_niap4 = '1' and
+                btc_rd_data(BTC_WIDTH - 1 downto BTC_TARGET_BITS)
+                = v.nia(BTC_TAG_BITS + BTC_ADDR_BITS + 1 downto BTC_ADDR_BITS + 2) then
+                v_int.predicted := '1';
             end if;
+        end if;
+        v_int.predicted_nia := btc_rd_data(BTC_TARGET_BITS - 1 downto 0) & "00";
 
-	v.req := not rst and not stop_in;
+        -- If the last NIA value went down with a stop mark, it didn't get
-	v.stop_mark := stop_in;
+        -- executed, and hence we shouldn't increment NIA.
+        advance_nia <= rst or e_in.redirect or d_in.redirect or (not r.stop_mark and not stall_in);
 
 	r_next <= v;
 	r_next_int <= v_int;

fpga/top-arty.vhdl

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ entity toplevel is
         RESET_LOW          : boolean  := true;
         CLK_FREQUENCY      : positive := 100000000;
         HAS_FPU            : boolean  := true;
+        HAS_BTC            : boolean  := true;
         USE_LITEDRAM       : boolean  := false;
         NO_BRAM            : boolean  := false;
         DISABLE_FLATTEN_CORE : boolean := false;
@@ -170,6 +171,7 @@ begin
             SIM                => false,
             CLK_FREQ           => CLK_FREQUENCY,
             HAS_FPU            => HAS_FPU,
+            HAS_BTC            => HAS_BTC,
             HAS_DRAM           => USE_LITEDRAM,
             DRAM_SIZE          => 256 * 1024 * 1024,
             DRAM_INIT_SIZE     => PAYLOAD_SIZE,

fpga/top-generic.vhdl

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ entity toplevel is
 	CLK_INPUT     : positive := 100000000;
 	CLK_FREQUENCY : positive := 100000000;
         HAS_FPU       : boolean  := true;
+        HAS_BTC       : boolean  := false;
         LOG_LENGTH    : natural := 512;
 	DISABLE_FLATTEN_CORE : boolean := false;
         UART_IS_16550 : boolean  := true
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ begin
 	    SIM           => false,
 	    CLK_FREQ      => CLK_FREQUENCY,
             HAS_FPU       => HAS_FPU,
+            HAS_BTC       => HAS_BTC,
             LOG_LENGTH    => LOG_LENGTH,
 	    DISABLE_FLATTEN_CORE => DISABLE_FLATTEN_CORE,
             UART0_IS_16550     => UART_IS_16550

fpga/top-nexys-video.vhdl

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ entity toplevel is
 	RESET_LOW     : boolean  := true;
 	CLK_FREQUENCY : positive := 100000000;
         HAS_FPU       : boolean  := true;
+        HAS_BTC       : boolean  := true;
 	USE_LITEDRAM  : boolean  := false;
 	NO_BRAM       : boolean  := false;
 	DISABLE_FLATTEN_CORE : boolean := false;
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@ begin
 	    SIM           => false,
 	    CLK_FREQ      => CLK_FREQUENCY,
             HAS_FPU       => HAS_FPU,
+            HAS_BTC       => HAS_BTC,
 	    HAS_DRAM      => USE_LITEDRAM,
 	    DRAM_SIZE     => 512 * 1024 * 1024,
             DRAM_INIT_SIZE => PAYLOAD_SIZE,

icache.vhdl

@@ -565,6 +565,7 @@ begin
 	i_out.stop_mark <= r.hit_smark;
         i_out.fetch_failed <= r.fetch_failed;
         i_out.big_endian <= r.big_endian;
+        i_out.next_predicted <= i_in.predicted;
 
 	-- Stall fetch1 if we have a miss on cache or TLB or a protection fault
 	stall_out <= not (is_hit and access_ok);

microwatt.core

@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ targets:
       - log_length=2048
       - uart_is_16550
       - has_fpu
+      - has_btc
     tools:
       vivado: {part : xc7a100tcsg324-1}
     toplevel : toplevel
@@ -218,6 +219,7 @@ targets:
       - log_length=2048
       - uart_is_16550
       - has_fpu
+      - has_btc
     tools:
       vivado: {part : xc7a200tsbg484-1}
     toplevel : toplevel
@@ -235,6 +237,7 @@ targets:
       - log_length=2048
       - uart_is_16550
       - has_fpu
+      - has_btc
     generate: [litedram_nexys_video]
     tools:
       vivado: {part : xc7a200tsbg484-1}
@@ -254,6 +257,7 @@ targets:
       - uart_is_16550
       - has_uart1
       - has_fpu=false
+      - has_btc=false
     tools:
       vivado: {part : xc7a35ticsg324-1L}
     toplevel : toplevel
@@ -273,6 +277,7 @@ targets:
       - uart_is_16550
       - has_uart1
       - has_fpu=false
+      - has_btc=false
     generate: [litedram_arty, liteeth_arty]
     tools:
       vivado: {part : xc7a35ticsg324-1L}
@@ -292,6 +297,7 @@ targets:
       - uart_is_16550
       - has_uart1
       - has_fpu
+      - has_btc
     tools:
       vivado: {part : xc7a100ticsg324-1L}
     toplevel : toplevel
@@ -311,6 +317,7 @@ targets:
       - uart_is_16550
       - has_uart1
       - has_fpu
+      - has_btc
     generate: [litedram_arty, liteeth_arty]
     tools:
       vivado: {part : xc7a100ticsg324-1L}
@@ -329,6 +336,7 @@ targets:
       - log_length=512
       - uart_is_16550
       - has_fpu=false
+      - has_btc=false
     tools:
       vivado: {part : xc7a35tcpg236-1}
     toplevel : toplevel
@@ -395,6 +403,12 @@ parameters:
     paramtype   : generic
     default     : true
 
+  has_btc:
+    datatype    : bool
+    description : Include a branch target cache in the core
+    paramtype   : generic
+    default     : true
+
   disable_flatten_core:
     datatype    : bool
     description : Prevent Vivado from flattening the main core components

soc.vhdl

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ entity soc is
 	CLK_FREQ           : positive;
 	SIM                : boolean;
         HAS_FPU            : boolean := true;
+        HAS_BTC            : boolean := true;
 	DISABLE_FLATTEN_CORE : boolean := false;
 	HAS_DRAM           : boolean  := false;
 	DRAM_SIZE          : integer := 0;
@@ -255,6 +256,7 @@ begin
 	generic map(
 	    SIM => SIM,
             HAS_FPU => HAS_FPU,
+            HAS_BTC => HAS_BTC,
 	    DISABLE_FLATTEN => DISABLE_FLATTEN_CORE,
 	    ALT_RESET_ADDRESS => (23 downto 0 => '0', others => '1'),
             LOG_LENGTH => LOG_LENGTH